¹ Dominicans have the highest rate of citizenship among the "new Americans," numbered at 57%, compared to Salvadorian with 43% and Colombians with 54%, but it is still lower than Cubans and Mexicans who have a 73% and 68% rate of citizenship, respectively. This is a sum of those individuals who are citizens divided by their respective national population figures as determined by the US Census. Tabulated by author.


² Ibid.


³ US Census Bureau 2000, Summary File 4, Table PCT2 specified all Latinos and Dominicans.


⁴ These annual growth rates were derived from values calculated using logarithmic and geometric population estimates from 1990 to 2000.


⁵ We created a matrix that provided multiple population scenarios. The US Census estimates that by 2020 there will be 55,156,000 Latinos (net international migration is not included in this figure). Based on the possible population matrix scenarios created, the percentage of Dominicans within the Latino community can range from 6 percent to 10 percent.


⁶ Alvarez, R. Michael; 2001. "Caltech/MIT Voter Technology Project: Voter Registration." April 01, 2001. Proposal for Voter Registration Reform submitted to the US Senate. Downloaded on November 30, 2003 from http://www.senate.gov/~gov_affairs/050301_Alvarez.pdf. Dr. Alvarez is an Associate Professor of Political Science, California Institute of Technology, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mail Code 2 28-77, 1 200 E . California B lvd., Pasadena, CA 9 1125; e mail rma@hss.caltech,edu, phone 626-395-4422, fax 626-405-9841.


⁷ For a preliminary look at the political incorporation of Dominicans into American politics please refer to Graham, Pamela M.: 1996. "Re-imagining the nation and redefining the district: The simultaneous political incorporation of Dominican transnational migrants." Ph.D. Dissertation, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina. Available through: http://www.il.proquest.com/hp/Products/DisExpress.html


⁸ For clarification of terms and definitions please refer to Appendix 1.


⁹ "Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina (1891-1961) was the dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 until 1961, ruling as president (1930-1938, 1942-1952) and as an unelected military strongman between unofficial terms….While the Trujillo regime was unofficially ended…former Trujillistas maintained much of their political power within the country until the early 1990s." Downloaded on March 1, 2004, from http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Rafael-Leonidas-Trujillo.


¹⁰ Torres-Saillant, S., and Hernandez, R., 1998. "The New Americans Series: The Dominican-Americans." Greenwood, Westport. Chapter 2.


¹¹ Of these 190,000 Dominicans, 119,000 of them have become naturalized since 1996.


¹² Two individual phone interviews with Michael Hoefner from the Statistics Division of Department of Justice, and Nancy Rytina from the Office of Policy & Planning in the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly known as the INS). Interviews were conducted on October 3, 2003. Follow-up data was provided by email to the author.


¹³ Hernandez,Ramona; and Rivera-Batiz, Francisco: 2003. "Socioeconomic Profile of Dominicans in the United States." The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute. New York. October 6, 2003. p. 17


¹⁴ For a preliminary look at the political incorporation of Dominicans into American politics please refer to Graham, Pamela M.: 1996. "Re-imagining the nation and redefining the district: The simultaneous political incorporation of Dominican transnational migrants." Ph.D. Dissertation, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina. Available through: http://www.il.proquest.com/hp/Products/DisExpress.html


¹⁵ The US Census later corrected the Dominican population to 799,768.


¹⁶ Suro, Roberto, 2002. "Counting the 'Other Hispanics,'" The Pew Hispanic Center. Washington, DC.


¹⁷ For more detailed version of the misrepresentation problem please refer to: Hernandez, Ramona; and Rivera-Batiz, Francisco: 2003. "Socioeconomic Profile of Dominicans in the United States." The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute. New York. October 6, 2003. p. 11-12


¹⁸ Cresce, Arthur and Ramirez, Roberto; 2003. "Analysis of General Hispanic Responses in Census 2000." Population Division. U.S. Census Working Paper No. 72. The study did not include any generations beyond the second and did not include in the Dominican numbers any one of mixed ancestry. Ancestry in defined by the US Census, refers to a person's ethnic origin or descent, "roots", heritage, or place of birth of the person, the person's parents, or their ancestors before their arrival to the US. Examples of mixed ethnicities are Dominican-Mexican or Dominican-Puerto Rican. For documentation to the definition please refer to the following website link: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf.


¹⁹ As side of the reports already mentioned, the CUNY-Dominican Studies Institute also released a population estimated of Dominicans in the US, numbered at 1,041,910. Hernandez,Ramona; and Rivera-Batiz, Francisco: 2003. "Socioeconomic Profile of Dominicans in the United States." The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute. New York. October 6, 2003. p. 17


²⁰ Hernandez,Ramona; and Rivera-Batiz, Francisco: 2003. "Socioeconomic Profile of Dominicans in the United States." The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute. New York. October 6, 2003, p 3. Downloaded from: http://www.funglode.org/drevent/columbia/powerpoint/dominicaninusa.pdf. According to 2000 Census, 59% of Dominicans live in New York State.


²¹ This is an estimate we calculated using US Census SF4 citizenship figures for the state of NY and known community based institutions located in Dominican neighborhoods of New York City. If there are 474,300 Dominicans in the state of which 207,346 are not citizens, and of there 28,646 are children under the age of 18, then the population in need of citizenship services is about 178,700. However, these community-based centers only have the capacity to service 5,000 individuals per year, 2.8% of the target population.


²² Winter, Greg, 2004. " Worst Rates of Graduation are in New York, Study Say." New York Times article, February 26, 2004. They study was done by Mr. Christopher B. Swanson a Research Associate at the Urban Institute.


²³ Hernandez,Ramona; and Rivera-Batiz, Francisco: 2003. "Socioeconomic Profile of Dominicans in the United States." The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute. New York. October 6, 2003. p. 55


²⁴ Carrasquillo, Olveen, 2003. "The Health Insurance Crisis in the Latino Community." Sixth Annual National Conference of the Dominican-American National Roundtable. Atlantic City, NY. October 10-12, 2003. Dr. Carrasquillo is Director of Columbia University's Center for Health and Urban Studies. Presentation provided on request. Dr. Carrasquillo conducted his own population estimates on which he based his findings. He calculated that 330,000 Dominicans did not have any health coverage.


²⁵ Jones-Correa, M.: 1998. "Between Two Nations: The Political Predicament of Latinos in New York City." Ithaca, NY. Cornell University Press. For an evaluation of Jones-Correa's book refer to Angelo Falcon's "Pues, At Least We Had Hillary: Latino New York, The 2000 Election and the Limits of Party Loyalty" published November 2003.


²⁶ Refer to endnote 1.


²⁷ Hernandez,Ramona; and Rivera-Batiz, Francisco: 2003. "Socioeconomic Profile of Dominicans in the United States." The CUNY Dominican Studies Institute. New York. October 6, 2003. p. 17-20.


²⁸ Flores, Henry: 2003. "Are Latinos Becoming more Republican?" St. Mary's Univeristy. Paper presented as the John W. Stromont Lecture of South Texas part of the Victorian College Johnson Symposium. February 2003. Paper provided by author upon request. The paper present the preliminary findings of an on going research effort from June 2002 to 2006.


²⁹ Jones-Correa, M.; Leal, D.: 1996. " 'Becoming Hispanic:' Secondary Panethnic Identification Among Latin American-Origin Populations in the United States." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 18:214-254.


³⁰ The terms Latino and Hispanics are used interchangeably and refer to any individual that is born or whose ancestry is traced to the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, Central and/or South American.